Ini merupakan karya hasil paper yang dibuat untuk tugas bahasa inggris tentang mollusca. Bingung antara pilih siput kerang atau cumi, kerang siput cumi, cumi kerang siput ... -__-" akhirnya terpilih lah CUMI-CUMI alias SQUID alas Squidward *apalah* :D Happy reading :)
SCIENTIFIC
CLASSIFICATION
Animalia
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Mollusca
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Teuthida
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Oegopsina
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Teuthida
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Type:
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Cephalopod
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Diet:
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Carnivore
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Size:
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22-1,400cm (8.6-551in)
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0.3-500kg (0.6-1,102lbs)
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30km/h
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5-30 years
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Solitary
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Least Concern
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Black, Grey, Brown, White
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Smooth
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Favourite Food:
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Fish
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Cooler and temperate waters
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Fish, Crabs, Shrimp
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Human, Seal, Whales
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Special Features:
The Biggest Species:
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Long, powerful tentacles and streamline body
Mesonychoteuthis
Hamilton Marine scientists from New
Zealand begin preparations for the autopsy of a giant squid were arrested
last year. Research on squid weighing 500 kilograms and a length of 7.8
meters
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INTRODUCTION
The
cephalopod molluscs have been called the invertebrate zenith by some authors
with considerable justification. The squids and octopods are relatively
intelligent animals, compared, for example, with clams or sea worms, and they
exhibit complex behavior patterns. The cephalopod nervous system is well
developed. The eyes are excellent visual organs, very similar in construction
to vertebrate eyes. Cephalopods have a closed, high-pressure circulatory
system, and their gills lack cilia. They are fast, jet-propelled swimmers (including
the bottom-dwelling octopods) and are very active carnivores. Loligo pealei, shown here in dissection,
is dioecious, as are the rest of the cephalopods. This specimen is male. The
shell in cephalopods is often internalized (the pen is squids) or lacking
(octopods). Of the extant cephalopods, only Nautilus
has an external shell.
The
giant squid Architeuthis occupies a
permanent place in folklore. The giant axon and giant synapse of the smaller
squids, such as Loligo pealei, dissected
here, have a permanent place in neurobiology. A great deal of what is currently
known about neuron function has been gained in the study of the unique
cephalopod nervous system.
Squid
are cephalopods of the order Teuthida, which comprises around 300 species. Like all other
cephalopods, squid have a distinct head, bilateral
symmetry,
a mantle, and arms. Squid, like cuttlefish, have eight arms arranged in pairs and two, usually
longer, tentacles. Squid are strong swimmers and
certain species can 'fly' for short distances out of the water.
CHAPTER II
ANATOMY
A. EXTERNAL ANATOMY
Function :
FINS: These help squid change direction when
swimming.
CHROMATOPHORES: These spots change size to change the
squid's color for camouflage or possibly communication.
EYE: Squids have a well developed eye that
allows them to see about as well as people
MANTLE: This is the main part of the squid's
body--all the organs are inside.
PEN: The squid is related to other
"shelled" animals like clams and snails. The pen is all that is left of the shell that
the squid's ancestors once had. Squid
are strong swimmers and certain species can 'fly' for short distances out of
the water. Squid is invertebrate but it has hard part like pen because squid
doesn’t have spine and the hard part is the part that serves to protect
themselves made of calcium which is called carapace
TENTACLE: The tentacles are longer than the arms and
have suction cups only at the tips.
These are used to pass food to the shorter arms and then to the mouth.
ARM: Squid have 8 arms covered
suction cups.
SUCTION CUPS: The suction cups help the squid to hold
onto food.
B. INTERNAL
ANATOMY
Function :
GONAD: This is the reproductive organ.
In males it is white, in females, clear.
HEART: For blood circulation
BRAIN: The squid's brain is highly
developed for an invertebrate.
BEAK: A bird’s beak is the hard curved or pointed
part of it’s mouth
GILLS: Absorb oxygen from the water
INK SAC: The squid releases ink from this gland in times of danger, which
is then pushed through the siphon.
SIPHON: This tube squirts out water so
that the squid moves like a jet airplane.
CHAPTER III
LIFE CYCLE
A.
LIFE
CYCLE OF SQUID
Squid experience benthic, planktonic,
and nektonic stages
Squid are
considered meroplankton (opposite = holoplankton)
When mating, the male squid will
release sperm into the females mouth surface.
Females then use
the sperm to fertilize
the eggs before releasing
it into the sea. The number of
eggs released by the
female squid could reach 3 million more
grain, but due to various factors (such as
the weather and predators)
only a small fraction of the eggs can hatch
and grow to adulthood.
They are take care of the eggs until it hatched all. When
hatched, originally paralarva (same as with benthic egg sacs) - the
name for squid larvae newly hatched - which
is only about 1 mm
in size have no arms and only has a proboscis - a kind of
mouth-shaped proboscis – when planktonic
larvae. But over time, the arms and
tentacles will gradually emerge when nektonic adult. A squid are known to reach
a maximum body length of 45 cm (male) or 60
cm (females).
B. REPRODUCTION OF SQUID
1.
Female squid
In
females the ink sac is hidden from view by a pair of
white nidamental glands, which lie anterior to the gills.
There are also red-spotted accessory nidamental glands. Both organs are
associated with food manufacture and shells for the eggs. Females also have a
large translucent ovary, situated towards the posterior of
the visceral mass.
2. Male squid
Males do not possess these organs,
but instead have a large testis in place of the ovary, and a
spermatophoric gland and sac. In mature males, this sac may contain spermatophores, hich are placed inside the female's mantle during mating.
Shallow water
species of the continental shelf and epipelagic/
mesopelagic
zones are characterised by the presence of hectocotyli,
specially modified arms used to fertilise the female's eggs. Most deep sea
squid lack hectocotyli and have longer penises;
Ancistrocheiridae and Cranchiinae
are exceptions. Giant
squid of the genus Architeuthis are unusual in that they
possess both a large penis and modified arm tips, although it is uncertain
whether the latter are used for spermatophore transfer. Penis elongation has
been observed in the deep water species Onykia ingens;
when erect, the penis may be as long as the mantle, head and arms combined. As
such, deep water squid have the greatest known penis length relative to body
size of all mobile animals, second in the entire animal kingdom only to certain
sessile barnacles.
When mating, the male squid will
release sperm into the females mouth surface.
Females then use
the sperm to
fertilize the eggs before releasing it into the sea.
CHAPTER
IV
1.
Squid
ink
Squid
ink is a food additive that might seem exotic to the American palate but is
relatively common in Mediterranean dishes. While it doesn't have a lot to offer
nutritionally, it's a safe ingredient that can add flavor without many of the
unhealthy substances found in chemical additives. Researchers, meanwhile, are
looking into curative effects that could be locked inside some of the compounds
that make up the ink. In cooking, squid ink benefits boil down largely to taste
and presentation enhancements. The ink gives pasta and rice a distinct black
coloring and a mild briny taste. Its flavor comes largely from glutamic acid,
an amino acid also present in fish sauce and other food additives that adds a
savory flavor to dishes. Natural glutamic acid, such as that in squid ink,
differs from its synthetic cousin monosodium glutamate in that it does not
contain the impurities that your body cannot process, according to the Truth in
Labeling Campaign. Therefore, ink adds flavoring without containing anything
particularly harmful to you, unless you are allergic to it. For the enemies,
the ink of squid can be chase away te enemies allergic causes of monosodium
glutamate.
2. Lowers
inflammation (selenium)
Studies have shown that individuals with rheumatoid arthritis have low
selenium levels in their blood. In addition, selenium is also an antioxidant
which may help relieve symptoms of arthritis by controlling free radicals.
Squid contains 63% of selenium.
3. Helps
maintain healthy skin, muscles, hair and nails (protein)
Protein is one of the essential nutrients that the human body needs to keep
it healthy. It has many health benefits, one of the most important is keeping
the skin, muscles, hair and nails in top shape. Good sources of completeprotein
come from animals and that includes the squid.
4. Helps ease
migraine headaches (vitamin B2)
Squid are rich in vitamin B2 (riboflavin), a nutrient which several studies
have shown lowers the frequency and duration of migraines. Although findings
were preliminary, research data suggest that riboflavin supplementation may be
a good addition to migraine prevention treatment.
5. Builds
bones and teeth (phosphorous)
Just like fish and shrimps, squid is also packed with the mineral phosphorus.
Phosphorus aids calcium in building bones and teeth.
6. Helps
lower risk of heart disease (vitamin B12)
Squid are good sources of vitamin B12, one of the nutrients which have
shown to lower homocystein levels in the body. Individuals with elevated
homocystein levels have shown to have higher rates of stroke, heart attack and
death from heart disease compared to those with normal levels.
7. Helps
stabilize blood sugar levels (vitamin B3)
Eating these marine cephalopods may helps stabilize sugar levels with the
help of their supply of vitamin B3.
8. Boost
immune system (zinc)
Squid are good sources of zink . Individuals who are deficient in zinc
have shown to beq susceptible to a range of infectious organisms.
9. Relaxes
nerves and muscles (magnesium)
Squid is a good source of magnesium called the “smoothie mineral” because
of its ability to relax nerves and muscles.
10. Helps lower blood pressure
levels (potassium)
Being a good source of potassium, squid helps regulate blood pressure levels.
CHAPTER V
HOW TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF SQUID
HOW TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF SQUID
Providing a special
place for the parent squid spawn called attractors. Attractor is placed in
their natural habitat. After the mother laying new eggs are transferred to a
floating net cages to be hatched. In this way, the parent does not impose the
squid to spawn outside the habitat.
Attractor is actually a
kind of FADs with design tools like shape like flower petals. Diameter of 120
cm and height of 35 cm. To make this tool very easy. The materials used to make
this tool even easily available anywhere. Such as wire, rope, and a black
plastic sheet that serves to cover the top of this FADs. This tool is made in such a way that a squid
comfortable in the artificial nest. In the attractor is placed fibers of the
rope to resemble marine plants, where ordinary squid lay their eggs. At the top
attractor covered with black plastic so that the conditions in the FADs is dark
untouched sunlight. This is done deliberately because this one marine animals
are quite active at night.
To use this tool, that
should be placed in the bottom waters - about 5-7 meters above sea level -
which indeed has been found to be the habitat of squid. That is at the bottom
of the waters around coral reefs with clear water conditions and currents are
not too strong. Usually when you see a "comfortable and fun" adult
squid would soon marry in the artificial nest. Ideally attractor placement was
done at harvest squid.
Once a month there is a
new look put squid eggs are laid on the parent device. Then later the eggs were
transferred to a floating net locations to be hatched. What is net cages should
not be too far away to where to place attractors. This, in addition to
inefficient will also increase the risk of damage to the eggs when transferred.
About two weeks after the new transferred the eggs will hatch. Four months
later, after being kept in cages with solid stocking of about 50 birds per
Meters3 squid is ready to be harvested.
A parent squid capable
of producing an average of about 500 eggs. Farmers squid should have 10 units
attractor. That is when the harvest of squid is able to collect the eggs each
month of 5000 squid.. This means that the harvest of 5000 will produce 4250
eggs tail squid weighing about 425 kg. At the farm level price of squid this
time around Rp 22 thousand per kilogram. So with that much production farmers
will get a revenue of Rp 9.3 million.
Regarding food, squid
quite easy to feed. These animals are considered carnivores (carnivores) and
therefore all the marine life that get in his mouth will be eaten. Such as shellfish,
fish and other marine animals. For the maintenance is not too difficult. One
thing to note is not to get the feed remaining in the net cages. It will invite
other marine animals (fish or crab) to take the rest of the feed in the net. If
this is the case it is likely the net will drop, resulting in a squid can
escape into the open sea.
One more thing that
should be a serious concern for farmers squid were cages over the selection of
the location, its location should be away from the hustle and industrial
activities. Because little contamination in these waters so it can be
ascertained entire pet squids will die in vain. This of course would be very
detrimental to the farmers themselves.
CHAPTER
VI
CONCLUSION
Squid are cephalopods of the order Teuthida, which comprises
around 300 species. Like all other cephalopods, squid have a distinct head, bilateral
symmetry, a mantle, and arms. Squid, like cuttlefish, have eight arms arranged in pairs and two, usually longer, tentacles. Squid are strong swimmers and
certain species can 'fly' for short distances out of the water. Ommastrephes
bartramii also known by the common name of the neon flying squid, red squid,
Bartram squid and Akaika squid. Distribution of neon flying squid is very wide
because they can be found in warm temperate waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and
Indian oceans.
The external anatomy of
squid is fins, chromatophores, eye, mantle, pen and tentacle. While the
internal anatomy of squid is gonad, heart, brain, beak, gills, ink sac, siphon.
Squid experience benthic, planktonic, and nektonic stage. A parent squid capable
of producing an average of about 500 eggs. Farmers squid should have 10 units
attractor.
That is when the harvest
of squid is able to collect the eggs each month of 5000 squid. This means that
the harvest of 5000 will produce 4250 eggs tail squid weighing about 425 kg. At
the farm level price of squid this time around Rp 22 thousand per kilogram. So
with that much production farmers will get a revenue of Rp 9.3 million.
REFERENCE
warna blog nya terlalu wara warni nie.... di usahakan jangan terlalu banyak warna putih
BalasHapusHehe soalnya kan warna warni melambangkan keceriaanyoo *maksa*. Iya makasih :) tapi kalo boleh tau alasannya apa ?
BalasHapus