Squidward Tentacle is Squidy ^^

Ini merupakan karya hasil paper yang dibuat untuk tugas bahasa inggris tentang mollusca. Bingung antara pilih siput kerang atau cumi, kerang siput cumi, cumi kerang siput ... -__-" akhirnya terpilih lah CUMI-CUMI alias SQUID alas Squidward *apalah* :D Happy reading :)

CHAPTER I

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Cephalopoda
Order:	Teuthida
Family:	Oegopsina
Scientific Name:	Teuthida
Type:	Cephalopod
Diet:	Carnivore
Size:	22-1,400cm (8.6-551in)
Weight:	0.3-500kg (0.6-1,102lbs)
Top Speed:	30km/h
Life Span:	5-30 years
Lifestyle:	Solitary
Conservation Status:	Least Concern
Colour:	Black, Grey, Brown, White
Skin Type:	Smooth
Favourite Food:	Fish
Habitat:	Cooler and temperate waters
Main Prey:	Fish, Crabs, Shrimp
Predators:	Human, Seal, Whales
Special Features: The Biggest Species:	Long, powerful tentacles and streamline body Mesonychoteuthis Hamilton  Marine scientists from New Zealand begin preparations for the autopsy of a giant squid were arrested last year. Research on squid weighing 500 kilograms and a length of 7.8 meters

INTRODUCTION

The cephalopod molluscs have been called the invertebrate zenith by some authors with considerable justification. The squids and octopods are relatively intelligent animals, compared, for example, with clams or sea worms, and they exhibit complex behavior patterns. The cephalopod nervous system is well developed. The eyes are excellent visual organs, very similar in construction to vertebrate eyes. Cephalopods have a closed, high-pressure circulatory system, and their gills lack cilia. They are fast, jet-propelled swimmers (including the bottom-dwelling octopods) and are very active carnivores. Loligo pealei, shown here in dissection, is dioecious, as are the rest of the cephalopods. This specimen is male. The shell in cephalopods is often internalized (the pen is squids) or lacking (octopods). Of the extant cephalopods, only Nautilus has an external shell.

The giant squid Architeuthis occupies a permanent place in folklore. The giant axon and giant synapse of the smaller squids, such as Loligo pealei, dissected here, have a permanent place in neurobiology. A great deal of what is currently known about neuron function has been gained in the study of the unique cephalopod nervous system.

Squid are cephalopods of the order Teuthida, which comprises around 300 species. Like all other cephalopods, squid have a distinct head, bilateral symmetry, a mantle, and arms. Squid, like cuttlefish, have eight arms arranged in pairs and two, usually longer, tentacles. Squid are strong swimmers and certain species can 'fly' for short distances out of the water.

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER II

ANATOMY

A.   EXTERNAL ANATOMY

Function :

FINS: These help squid change direction when swimming. 

CHROMATOPHORES: These spots change size to change the squid's color for camouflage or possibly communication.

EYE: Squids have a well developed eye that allows them to see about as well as people

MANTLE: This is the main part of the squid's body--all the organs are inside.

PEN: The squid is related to other "shelled" animals like clams and snails.  The pen is all that is left of the shell that the squid's ancestors once had. Squid are strong swimmers and certain species can 'fly' for short distances out of the water. Squid is invertebrate but it has hard part like pen because squid doesn’t have spine and the hard part is the part that serves to protect themselves made of calcium which is called carapace

TENTACLE: The tentacles are longer than the arms and have suction cups only at the tips.  These are used to pass food to the shorter arms and then to the mouth.

ARM: Squid have 8 arms covered suction cups.

SUCTION CUPS: The suction cups help the squid to hold onto food.

B.   INTERNAL ANATOMY

Function :

GONAD: This is the reproductive organ. In males it is white, in females, clear.

HEART: For blood circulation

BRAIN: The squid's brain is highly developed for an invertebrate.

BEAK: A bird’s beak is the hard curved or pointed part of it’s mouth

GILLS: Absorb oxygen from the water

INK SAC: The squid releases ink from this gland in times of danger, which is then pushed through the siphon.

SIPHON: This tube squirts out water so that the squid moves like a jet airplane.

CHAPTER III

LIFE CYCLE

A.    LIFE CYCLE OF SQUID

Squid experience benthic, planktonic, and nektonic stages

Squid are considered meroplankton (opposite = holoplankton)

When mating, the male squid will release sperm into the females mouth surface. Females then use the sperm to fertilize the eggs before releasing it into the sea. The number of eggs released by the female squid could reach 3 million more grain, but due to various factors (such as the weather and predators) only a small fraction of the eggs can hatch and grow to adulthood. They are take care of the eggs until it hatched all. When hatched, originally paralarva (same as with benthic egg sacs)  - the name for squid larvae newly hatched - which is only about 1 mm in size have no arms and only has a proboscis - a kind of mouth-shaped proboscis – when planktonic larvae. But over time, the arms and tentacles will gradually emerge when nektonic adult. A squid are known to reach a maximum body length of 45 cm (male) or 60 cm (females).

B.    REPRODUCTION OF SQUID

1.    Female squid

In females the ink sac is hidden from view by a pair of white nidamental glands, which lie anterior to the gills. There are also red-spotted accessory nidamental glands. Both organs are associated with food manufacture and shells for the eggs. Females also have a large translucent ovary, situated towards the posterior of the visceral mass.

2.    Male squid

Males do not possess these organs, but instead have a large testis in place of the ovary, and a spermatophoric gland and sac. In mature males, this sac may contain spermatophores, hich are placed inside the female's mantle during mating.

Shallow water species of the continental shelf and epipelagic/ mesopelagic zones are characterised by the presence of hectocotyli, specially modified arms used to fertilise the female's eggs. Most deep sea squid lack hectocotyli and have longer penises; Ancistrocheiridae and Cranchiinae are exceptions. Giant squid of the genus Architeuthis are unusual in that they possess both a large penis and modified arm tips, although it is uncertain whether the latter are used for spermatophore transfer. Penis elongation has been observed in the deep water species Onykia ingens; when erect, the penis may be as long as the mantle, head and arms combined. As such, deep water squid have the greatest known penis length relative to body size of all mobile animals, second in the entire animal kingdom only to certain sessile barnacles. When mating, the male squid will release sperm into the females mouth surface. Females then use the sperm to fertilize the eggs before releasing it into the sea.

CHAPTER IV 

                              THE BENEFIT OF SQUID         

                        

1.    Squid ink

Squid ink is a food additive that might seem exotic to the American palate but is relatively common in Mediterranean dishes. While it doesn't have a lot to offer nutritionally, it's a safe ingredient that can add flavor without many of the unhealthy substances found in chemical additives. Researchers, meanwhile, are looking into curative effects that could be locked inside some of the compounds that make up the ink. In cooking, squid ink benefits boil down largely to taste and presentation enhancements. The ink gives pasta and rice a distinct black coloring and a mild briny taste. Its flavor comes largely from glutamic acid, an amino acid also present in fish sauce and other food additives that adds a savory flavor to dishes. Natural glutamic acid, such as that in squid ink, differs from its synthetic cousin monosodium glutamate in that it does not contain the impurities that your body cannot process, according to the Truth in Labeling Campaign. Therefore, ink adds flavoring without containing anything particularly harmful to you, unless you are allergic to it. For the enemies, the ink of squid can be chase away te enemies allergic causes of monosodium glutamate.

2.        Lowers inflammation (selenium)

Studies have shown that individuals with rheumatoid arthritis have low selenium levels in their blood. In addition, selenium is also an antioxidant which may help relieve symptoms of arthritis by controlling free radicals. Squid contains 63% of selenium.

3.       Helps maintain healthy skin, muscles, hair and nails (protein)

Protein is one of the essential nutrients that the human body needs to keep it healthy. It has many health benefits, one of the most important is keeping the skin, muscles, hair and nails in top shape. Good sources of completeprotein come from animals and that includes the squid.

4.       Helps ease migraine headaches (vitamin B2)

Squid are rich in vitamin B2 (riboflavin), a nutrient which several studies have shown lowers the frequency and duration of migraines. Although findings were preliminary, research data suggest that riboflavin supplementation may be a good addition to migraine prevention treatment.

5.        Builds bones and teeth (phosphorous)

Just like fish and shrimps, squid is also packed with the mineral phosphorus. Phosphorus aids calcium in building bones and teeth.

6.       Helps lower risk of heart disease (vitamin B12)

Squid are good sources of vitamin B12, one of the nutrients which have shown to lower homocystein levels in the body. Individuals with elevated homocystein levels have shown to have higher rates of stroke, heart attack and death from heart disease compared to those with normal levels.

7.       Helps stabilize blood sugar levels (vitamin B3)

Eating these marine cephalopods may helps stabilize sugar levels with the help of their supply of vitamin B3.

8.       Boost immune system (zinc)

Squid are good sources of zink . Individuals who are deficient in zinc have shown to beq susceptible to a range of infectious organisms.

9.       Relaxes nerves and muscles  (magnesium)

Squid is a good source of magnesium called the “smoothie mineral” because of its ability to relax nerves and muscles.

10.   Helps lower blood pressure levels (potassium)

Being a good source of potassium, squid helps regulate blood pressure levels.

                                  CHAPTER V 
            HOW TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF SQUID

Providing a special place for the parent squid spawn called attractors. Attractor is placed in their natural habitat. After the mother laying new eggs are transferred to a floating net cages to be hatched. In this way, the parent does not impose the squid to spawn outside the habitat.

Attractor is actually a kind of FADs with design tools like shape like flower petals. Diameter of 120 cm and height of 35 cm. To make this tool very easy. The materials used to make this tool even easily available anywhere. Such as wire, rope, and a black plastic sheet that serves to cover the top of this FADs.  This tool is made in such a way that a squid comfortable in the artificial nest. In the attractor is placed fibers of the rope to resemble marine plants, where ordinary squid lay their eggs. At the top attractor covered with black plastic so that the conditions in the FADs is dark untouched sunlight. This is done deliberately because this one marine animals are quite active at night.

To use this tool, that should be placed in the bottom waters - about 5-7 meters above sea level - which indeed has been found to be the habitat of squid. That is at the bottom of the waters around coral reefs with clear water conditions and currents are not too strong. Usually when you see a "comfortable and fun" adult squid would soon marry in the artificial nest. Ideally attractor placement was done at harvest squid.

Once a month there is a new look put squid eggs are laid on the parent device. Then later the eggs were transferred to a floating net locations to be hatched. What is net cages should not be too far away to where to place attractors. This, in addition to inefficient will also increase the risk of damage to the eggs when transferred. About two weeks after the new transferred the eggs will hatch. Four months later, after being kept in cages with solid stocking of about 50 birds per Meters3 squid is ready to be harvested.

A parent squid capable of producing an average of about 500 eggs. Farmers squid should have 10 units attractor. That is when the harvest of squid is able to collect the eggs each month of 5000 squid.. This means that the harvest of 5000 will produce 4250 eggs tail squid weighing about 425 kg. At the farm level price of squid this time around Rp 22 thousand per kilogram. So with that much production farmers will get a revenue of Rp 9.3 million.

Regarding food, squid quite easy to feed. These animals are considered carnivores (carnivores) and therefore all the marine life that get in his mouth will be eaten. Such as shellfish, fish and other marine animals. For the maintenance is not too difficult. One thing to note is not to get the feed remaining in the net cages. It will invite other marine animals (fish or crab) to take the rest of the feed in the net. If this is the case it is likely the net will drop, resulting in a squid can escape into the open sea.

One more thing that should be a serious concern for farmers squid were cages over the selection of the location, its location should be away from the hustle and industrial activities. Because little contamination in these waters so it can be ascertained entire pet squids will die in vain. This of course would be very detrimental to the farmers themselves.

CHAPTER VI

CONCLUSION

Squid are cephalopods of the order Teuthida, which comprises around 300 species. Like all other cephalopods, squid have a distinct head, bilateral symmetry, a mantle, and arms. Squid, like cuttlefish, have eight arms arranged in pairs and two, usually longer, tentacles. Squid are strong swimmers and certain species can 'fly' for short distances out of the water. Ommastrephes bartramii also known by the common name of the neon flying squid, red squid, Bartram squid and Akaika squid. Distribution of neon flying squid is very wide because they can be found in warm temperate waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans.

The external anatomy of squid is fins, chromatophores, eye, mantle, pen and tentacle. While the internal anatomy of squid is gonad, heart, brain, beak, gills, ink sac, siphon. Squid experience benthic, planktonic, and nektonic stage. A parent squid capable of producing an average of about 500 eggs. Farmers squid should have 10 units attractor.

That is when the harvest of squid is able to collect the eggs each month of 5000 squid. This means that the harvest of 5000 will produce 4250 eggs tail squid weighing about 425 kg. At the farm level price of squid this time around Rp 22 thousand per kilogram. So with that much production farmers will get a revenue of Rp 9.3 million.

REFERENCE

http://oceanography.asu.edu/Oc_Nov21_pos.html

http://zonaikankita.blogspot.com/2012/11/budidayacumicumi.html#ixzz2D9bzEdr3

http://www.livestrong.com/article/490032-what-are-the-benefits-of-squid-ink/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid

http://chilliyes.com/2011/06/02/squid-ink-benefit-for-tumor-drug/